强化中医药知识产权司法保护******
近日,《最高人民法院关于加强中医药知识产权司法保护的意见》(以下简称《意见》)发布。《意见》提出了加强中医药知识产权司法保护的总体要求,并就强化审判职能,健全中医药知识产权综合保护体系提出具体措施,旨在回应中医药知识产权全链条保护的需求,积极推动构建中医药知识产权大保护格局。
中医药是中华民族的瑰宝,对于防病治病、维护人民健康具有极其重要的价值。从以往司法实践来看,中医药知产案件总体数量偏少、司法解纷选择不足,案件类型集中、保护覆盖不全,审理周期较长、专业能力欠缺等问题较为突出。《意见》作为中医药知识产权司法保护方面的专门文件,既全面覆盖了中医药知识产权各领域和环节,又立足实践需要突出了重点和难点,正是为了发挥司法机关职能作用,解决以往司法层面对中医药知识产权保护不足的问题,推动中医药高质量发展。
《意见》出台后有望产生一系列综合效应:一是审判职能得到强化。中医药高质量发展有赖于有力的司法支撑,《意见》的出台有助于各级法院优化审判资源,让法官在审理中医药领域原始创新、智能制造关键技术、重大科研项目相关案件时,实现“能判、愿判、敢判”,强化司法裁判的规则引领和价值导向作用,通过纠纷化解机制切实维护中医药创新主体合法权益。
二是提高行业创新的积极性,发挥专利制度共享共建的功能。通过确立中医药知识产权的司法导向,加强中医药的专利保护,使中医药企业除了通过“商业秘密”保护外,多了一道“专利保护”的选择,这无疑为部分创新型中医药企业打了一剂“强心针”。同时,随着更多的技术被纳入专利制度框架下进行保护,整个中医药产业交流共进的格局将得到进一步打开,这有利于中医药产业的整体技术革新与进步。
三是有利于建设更高水平的中医药知识产权综合保护体系。中医药知识产权保护是一项系统工程,《意见》从司法层面强调中医药知识产权保护,既有利于企业之间建立尊重知识产权、有序竞争的秩序,又能够在全社会营造珍视、热爱和发展中医药的良好法治氛围,有利于形成中医药知识产权保护合力。
为更好地实现司法对中医药知识产权的强有力保护,《意见》出台后,相关部门后续还需要做好相关配套和完善工作:首先,要明确中医药知识产权保护制度的对象,平衡社会公众与中医药知识产权权利人之间的利益。中医药领域的典籍是公开的,这是属于公众的财富,而其中哪些技术具有独创性,是属于个人的,需要精准识别。可以说,区分“进入公共领域的中医药知识”和“值得通过知识产权保护制度保护的中医药技术”是必须先行明确的要点。在准确识别二者的基础上,司法才能既避免错误保护公共领域知识,也避免错过保护值得保护的技术,厘清中医药知识产权的权利边界。
其次,要注重司法的科学性、技术性。强调中医药知识产权的同时,也需要注意到目前中医药专利领域创造性不足的事实。对司法部门而言,必要时可以通过专家论证等形式征求专业意见,以确保中医药知识产权保护工作的准确性和科学性。
再次,应当完善配套制度。中医药与其他工艺有区别,对中医药而言,国家应结合中医药领域的特点及特殊保护需求,完善针对祖传秘方等对象的中医药知识产权保护体系。如建立商标、中华老字号海外抢注预警制度、健全道地中药材地理标志保护制度、非物质文化遗产利用制度,在现有的中医药品种保护制度下强调行政责任以外的民事救济途径,以及充分利用药品专利链接制度等。
最后,解决当事人司法保护的积极性问题。我国中医药知识产权保护案件数量少的一个重要原因,就在于当事人选择司法保护的意愿不强。主管部门可以考虑探索通过政策鼓励的方式,鼓励企业主动开展二次开发与上市后再评价工作,进行专利布局,实现新技术、新工艺、新标准逐步产业化,真正让行业主体重视知识产权,发挥知识产权制度引导中医药市场良性运行的价值。
(作者:邓 勇,系北京中医药大学岐黄法商研究中心主任、教授)
中新网评:美国众议长选举“连续剧”暴露美式民主痼疾******
中新网北京1月9日电(蒋鲤)在15轮投票表决后,美国众议院议长选举这场“连续剧”终于落下帷幕,众议院共和党领袖凯文•麦卡锡最终成功当选第55任美国众议院议长。这是美国国会过去164年来耗时最久的一次议长选举记录,将美国“对抗式民主”的弊端暴露无遗。
资料图:美国众议院共和党领袖麦卡锡。中新社记者 沙晗汀 摄由于两党对立加剧、党派内斗、利益分配不均等因素,众议长选举陷入一场拉锯战。在此次众议长竞选中,美国民主党议员继续抱团,多轮投票中,一票不投麦卡锡,共和党右翼“强硬派”领头的约20人小团体也拒绝投票麦卡锡。
麦卡锡的当选之路一波三折,除了本人的“政治投机派”角色在国会不受欢迎外,与共和党内部政治分歧关系密切。
一方面,共和党党内反对者认为,麦卡锡对民主党态度过于软弱,无力对抗民主党控制的参议院和拜登政府,另一方面,因为共和党的多数优势微弱,党内一些影响力较小的派系的政治力量则被放大,有利于他们巩固自己的选票。
此外,党内反对者也认为,自己的选票没有换取更多利益,希望以此作为筹码换取麦卡锡更大的让步,比如让他们获得众议院重要委员会中的职务。
作为仅次于美国总统、副总统的政坛三号人物,众议院议长通常由众议院多数党领袖担任,选举几乎没有悬念。然而,麦卡锡此次为当选,不得不做出多个关键让步,其中可能包括恢复一项罢黜议长动议机制,使得众议长的权力被削弱,难以掌控众议院。
美国有线电视新闻网CNN称,麦卡锡在这场不合时宜的政治勒索中作出让步,这种绥靖政策只会让极端主义势力更加强大。
这场引发全世界围观的尴尬选举暴露出美国政治存在严重的对立和分化。在权力博弈思维的裹挟下,党派利益凌驾于国家和人民利益之上,美国两党相互拆台,陷入“为反对而反对”的无脑对垒。而即便是一党内,也会因为利益分配问题产生不同的小派系,相互对抗,选票变成了谋利益的工具。
从国会山骚乱到打破记历史记录的15轮众议长选举,“对抗式民主”让美国政治陷入瓶颈,长期对抗势必会让政客们丧失客观公正的判断能力,其政治阶层是否有能力治理国家也会引发质疑。
两党之争和党派内斗进一步放大了美国政治体制弊病,美国所谓的“民主”形象,让全世界大跌眼镜。鼓吹以选民利益为先的美式选举,变成了政客们利益置换的游戏,进一步彰显出美国“民主政治”日渐失能,不断极化的党争已使美国政治制度陷入死循环。
House speaker election reveals deep-rooted problems in U.S. democracy
(ECNS) -- The Republican leader Kevin McCarthy was elected as the 55th speaker of the U.S. House of Representatives after 15 ballots. As the most grueling House speaker election in the past 164 years, the election has highlighted the defects of the country’s "confrontational democracy".
The election once reached a stalemate due to intense partisan strife, inner-party struggle among the Republicans, uneven distribution of interests, and more. Democratic Party members forged a close alliance, refusing to vote for McCarthy, while about 20 Republicans also declined to cast ballots for the GOP leader.
Except for his unpopular role as a "political speculator" in Congress, McCarthy’s hard-won election can be attributed to turmoil within the Republican Party.
On the one hand, opponents in the Republican Party believe that the GOP leader's attitude toward the Democrats is too weak to confront the Senate controlled by Democrats and the Biden administration.
On the other hand, the political power of some less influential factions in the Republican Party has been amplified due to the Party’s weak majority advantage in the House of Representatives, which is conducive to consolidating their ticket warehouses.
Meanwhile, these opponents believe that their votes failed to win them more benefits, hoping to use this as a bargaining chip for McCarthy's further concessions, such as getting them positions in important House Committees.
As the third political figure after the President and Vice President of the U.S., the speaker, by tradition, is the head of the majority party in the House of Representatives.
But McCarthy has made many concessions in order to bring the ultra conservatives along, involving what’s known as the “motion to vacate,” a mechanism by which members can force a vote to depose the speaker. The reported concessions will empower individual members at the expense of McCarthy’s sway as speaker.
CNN thought the concessions he made during this unseemly political shakedown would only make the extremist faction more powerful.
This embarrassing election, which has drawn global attention, exposed the serious opposition and polarization in American politics. Both Democrats and Republicans put their interests before that of the country and its people, attacking and opposing each other irrationally.
Besides, different factions arise within a single party and confront each other because of the distribution of interests. Votes have become a tool to win more benefits.
From Capitol riots to the House Speaker election with record-breaking ballots, "confrontational democracy" has become a bottleneck of American politics. Long-term confrontation will surely impede politicians to think objectively and fairly while their capacity of governing the country will also raise doubts among the public.
Both parties’ struggle and infighting among the Republicans have further amplified the defects of the American political system, with its "democratic" image shocking the world.
The U.S.-style election, which advocates putting voters' interests first, has become a game of interest exchange among politicians. In addition, it further demonstrates the malfunction of American "democratic politics" and the constantly polarized party struggle that has trapped the American political system into an infinite cycle.
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